1. Publication will be done for the two projects who are under the progress

2. The policy discussion on ‘Language in Education: A Multi-Stakeholder Dialogue on the Three-Language Formula’ on 5 July 2025, was organised by the Dr Ambedkar Chair in collaboration with the Symbiosis Centre for Higher Education Research and Policy Advocacy (SCHERPA). The report will be published on the respective Centre's website.

Language in Education: A Multi-stakeholder Policy Dialogue on the Three-Language Formula in Maharashtra 2025

India’s linguistic diversity, encompassing 1,369 languages, 270 mother tongues, and countless dialects, has long shaped its educational, cultural, and political life. Language is not only a tool of communication but also a marker of identity, social belonging, and cultural preservation. The Three-Language Formula (TLF), introduced in the 1968 National Policy on Education and reaffirmed in National Education Policy 2020, was envisioned as a framework to balance regional identity, national integration, and global connectivity. Yet, its implementation remains inconsistent and contested, in many states including Maharashtra, where the politics of Marathi identity, resistance to Hindi, and neglect of tribal and minority languages complicate its outcomes.

This report, jointly prepared by SCHERPA and the Dr Ambedkar Chair, explores these complexities through a multi-stakeholder policy dialogue involving students, teachers, parents, policymakers, and policy observers. Insights reveal deep concerns such as the continued preference for English, the recognition of the mother tongue as essential for cognitive and cultural development and structural inequities in government and private schools.